Practical Recommendations How to Do Echo for Noninvasive Hemodynamic Evaluation of the Patient in the Intensive Care Unit – A Consensus Statement of the Italian Society of Echocardiography and Cardiovascular Imaging (2024) Maurizio Cusmà Piccione

Description

This consensus statement provides practical recommendations for using echocardiography for noninvasive hemodynamic evaluation in critically ill Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients. It details real-time, bedside assessment techniques for parameters including venous congestion (using the VeXUS score), pulmonary pressures, left atrial pressure (LAP), cardiac output, and systemic vascular resistances. The guidelines emphasize the use of echo for differentiating precapillary from postcapillary pulmonary hypertension and detecting ventricular failure in conditions like cardiogenic shock and heart failure.