Closed spinal dysraphism – Pathogenesis and types (2020) Chaouki Khoury

Description

This UpToDate topic review focuses on the pathogenesis and classification of closed (occult) spinal dysraphism, which is characterized by failure of fusion of the vertebral bodies with intact overlying skin. It discusses associated terminology, the spectrum of clinical manifestations, and maternal risk factors, including folic acid deficiency, distinguishing these defects from open spinal dysraphism.