Modern Update of Ocular and Orbital Ultrasound () by Prof. Dr. med. Mario de La Torre PDF

Description

In producing this book the 3 authors have combined an instruction on how to perform accurate and reproducible ultrasound images together with an atlas of ultrasound scans. We have including every aspect of ultrasound imaging of the anterior and posterior segment together with orbital images. Whether your interest is angle closure glaucoma, cataract and refractive surgery, vitreo retinal disease, uveal tumours, uveitis or orbital disease there is something for everyone in this book who has an interest in imaging the eye. The authors have more than 100 years of combined International ultrasound experience. Professor de La Torre is from Peru, Dr Puech from France and Dr Good from the UK. They have travelled the world teaching and giving presentations on Ocular Ultrasound. Ocular ultrasound has a long history. In 1949 Howry and co-workers built the first medical diagnostic ultrasound machine from old American Air Force parts including the running rotating gear from a B29 gun turret! Early ultrasound systems relied on water baths to transmit the ultrasound waves and were restricted to imaging deep cavities and organs. Transducers of 10MHz did not appear until the early 1960s and Mundt and Hughes described the first application of diagnostic ultrasound of the eye in 1956 using a 4 MHz industrial flaw detection system. In 1957 Oksala and Lehtinen were the first to use A scan ultrasound to study a variety of ocular conditions producing a catalogue including retinal detachment, vitreous hemorrhages, foreign bodies and ocular tumours, and were the first to describe ultrasound as a means of measuring the length of the eye. In 1961 Yammamoto et al described an ultrasound Biometry system which used a transducer with a translucent central area to view the retina. Coleman and Carlin were the first to use focussed transducers in 1967. The early ultrasound systems required the use of an oscilloscope screen to view the images. Baum and Greenwood were the first to develop a two dimensional B-scan system in 1959 using a 15 MHz probe. In 1972 Bronson was the first to provide a hand-held B-scan system using a transducer membrane. In 1972 preface Karl Ossoinig pioneered the use of A-mode ultrasound to provide accurate diagnosis of ocular lesions using a calibrated S shaped amplifier. His Stanardized A-scan technique is used to this day and is described in detail in this book. Ossoinig was instrumental in providing the World’s first practical diagnostic ophthalmic A and B-mode ultrasound system in collaboration with an Austrian company; the Ketztechnik 7100 MA system. In the following decades ultrasound systems improved enormously particularly in probe development; led by Biovision instruments (BVI) who became Quantel Medical. Increasing probe frequency produces a linear increase in axial resolution but with a linear sacrifice in depth of focus. 50 MHz Ultrabiomicroscopic (UBM) probes to image the anterior segment were not developed until 1990 by Pavlin and Foster. In 1998 Michel Puech showed that the posterior pole can be imaged using high frequency probes up to 50 MHz, with a long focus, opening the pathway to the development of the 20 MHz probe for the posterior pole used in current practice. The phrase “standing on the shoulders of giants” was never more pertinent than in the field of ocular ultrasound. Modern ultrasound systems incorporate digital LED display screens and highly focussed probes such as the Quantel 20 5A annular probe which allows 20 MHz high resolution images of the whole globe and anterior orbit including giving an image of 5 layers of the retina and is shown in this book. The current development in ultrasound equipment has never been more exciting and it is the hope of the authors to provide an insight into the enormous range of the use of ocular ultrasound in modern ophthalmology. One of the aims of the book is to encourage the every-day use of ocular ultrasound in all ophthalmological specialities. Performing ultrasound and obtaining the kind of images seen in this book is we believe a “magical” experience and the term “you see something new every day” is certainly true in the performance of ocular ultrasound. We are very grateful for the collaboration between Laboratoires Théa and Quantel Medical in having the foresight to produce an Ophthalmic Ultrasound book available to all. We hope you enjoy reading this book as much as we have enjoyed writing it. Mario, Michel and Peter

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